Debris flow prevention and self-rescue
Introduction
Debris flow is heavy rain, flood will contain sand and soft soil The torrent formed by the saturated dilution of the mountain has a large area, volume and flow, while the landslide is a small area of the diluted soil mountain. The typical debris flow is composed of suspended coarse solid debris and rich in silt and clay. of viscous mud. Under suitable topographic conditions, a large amount of water infiltrates the solid accumulation material in the flowing hillside or ditch bed, reducing its stability, and the solid accumulation material saturated with water moves under the action of its own gravity, forming a debris flow. Debris flow is a catastrophic geological phenomenon. Mudslides usually erupt suddenly, violently, and can carry huge boulders. Because of its high speed and powerful energy, it is extremely destructive.
The whole process of debris flow is generally only a few hours, and only a few minutes. Debris flow is a kind of natural disaster that is widely distributed in some countries in the world with special topography and landform conditions. Mixed flow of soil, water and air between sand flow and landslide. Mudslides mostly occur with mountain floods. The difference between it and the general flood is that the torrent contains a sufficient amount of solid debris such as sand and gravel, and its volume content is at least 15 percent and up to about 80 percent, so it is more destructive than floods.
The main harm of debris flow is to wash away towns, enterprises and institutions, factories, mines and villages, causing human and animal casualties, destroying houses and other engineering facilities, and destroying crops, forests and cultivated land. In addition, mudslides sometimes silt up river channels, not only blocking shipping, but also causing flooding. There are many factors that affect the intensity of debris flow, such as debris flow volume, velocity, flow, etc. Among them, debris flow flow has the most important influence on the degree of debris flow disaster. In addition, a variety of human activities are also intensifying the effects of the above factors and promoting the formation of debris flows.
Debris flows often occur in canyon areas and areas prone to earthquakes and volcanoes, and occur in groups during heavy rains. It is a torrent of mud and rock, which erupts in an instant, and is the most serious natural disaster in the mountains.
Debris flow prevention
In the prevention and control of debris flow, prevention and monitoring should be carried out, and the knowledge of debris flow should be publicized. Protect the mountain ecological environment and take precautions before it happens. Carry out slope management, improve soil and water conservation, and implement reasonable farming activities to fundamentally solve the disaster of debris flow. The main engineering protection measures for areas prone to debris flow are:
??Stable: use drainage, blocking, slope protection, etc. to stabilize loose materials, slumps and slope residues;
??Blocking: set up valleys or blocking dams in the middle and upper reaches to intercept solid debris flow;
??Drain: use drainage channels (troughs) in the flow section of debris flow to make the debris flow down smoothly;
??Stop: Set up a silting yard where conditions permit at the exit of the debris flow to avoid clogging the river;
??Fose: That is, to close the mountains for afforestation and return farmland to forest. Afforestation increases vegetation cover.
8 Escape Skills When Encountering a Debris Flow
1. In the event of a heavy rainfall and a debris flow in the valley, don’t panic, don’t follow Escape in the direction of the mudslide. When there is a debris flow in the event of rainfall, it is necessary to decisively determine a safe path to escape. If the path is perpendicular to the direction of the debris flow, climb up the hillsides on both sides. The higher the climb, the better, and the faster you run, the better. walk downstream.
2. If you encounter heavy rain while hiking along the valley, you should quickly move to a safe higher ground, and do not stay too much at the bottom of the valley. Pay attention to the surrounding environment, and pay special attention to whether you hear thunder-like sounds coming from the valley in the distance. To choose a flat high ground as a camp, avoid as much as possible under the hillside with rolling stones and a lot of accumulation, and do not camp at the bottom of valleys and ravines. When encountering a mudslide, you should immediately discard the heavy travel equipment and luggage on your back and choose a safe route to escape, but the communication tools cannot be discarded in order to contact the outside world for help.
3. When encountering a mudslide, do not escape to a place where the terrain is open and the trees grow sparsely. You can choose a place where trees grow densely to escape, so that the dense trees can block the progress of the mudslide.
4. When encountering debris flow, do not choose to avoid under steep hillsides or climbing trees. You can choose to avoid the flat and safe heights to avoid debris flow collapse and overwhelm hillsides and trees. .
5. If you encounter heavy rainfall and mudslides, do not escape to areas with thick soil layers, but to escape to rocky areas without gravel that are hard and not easily washed away by rain.
6. As a tourist, if you encounter a mudslide by car or train, you should resolutely abandon the car and run away. It is easy to be buried in the car and suffocate to death if you hide in the car.
7. In the past, many people ‘loved money and not life’, and there were countless cases of being swallowed up by mudslides because of cleaning up. If possible, bring extra clothing and food when you escape. Due to the inconvenience of traffic in the landslide area and the difficulty of rescue, most of the mudslides are in cold weather, so hunger and frostbite must be prevented.
8. Don’t think that the areas where mudslides have just occurred are safer. Sometimes mudslides will occur intermittently. If you are driving through the areas where mudslides have just occurred, you must be careful of the debris on the road. It is best to find a detour. Safe route.
Expert Tips
1. Immediately climb the slopes on both sides that are perpendicular to the debris flow.
2. The faster you run and the higher you climb, the better.
Self-rescue and mutual rescue essentials
1. Immediately run to the heights on both sides of the riverbed.
2. Climb to the high places on both sides of the hills that are perpendicular to the debris flow.
3. When it’s too late to run, hug the trees on the river bank.
Don’t
1. Escape to the downstream direction of the debris flow.
2. Run in the direction of the debris flow.