I don’t know what to do when encountering these 16 kinds of risks?
Speaking of outdoor killers
What do you think of?
Losing heat, getting lost, storms, lightning? . . . .
If you want to go home safely, you must guard against these 16 “killers” outdoors!
Avoiding accidents, fundamentally speaking, one must have the ability to foresee risks, two must have a proper assessment of the ability of oneself and the team to deal with risks, and three, outdoor sports participants must have teamwork Spirit.
Most new backpackers lack experience and lack of foresight of various risks; some old backpackers can foresee risks, but are overconfident and underestimate difficulties; some lack teamwork spirit and do not obey the team leader Advice, like to go their own way. All of these can be a potential accident hazard.
How to deal with these 16 outdoor risks, you must know!
1. Alpine reaction
The standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mm of mercury, and the oxygen content in the air is about 21%. Usually, the altitude exceeds 3000 meters, which is a high-altitude area. Most people start to have alpine reactions when they reach this height.
Alpine reaction is because the terrain increases and the air pressure decreases, and the oxygen content in the air decreases with the decrease of air pressure, so that oxygen cannot fully enter the human blood, resulting in the mountain reaction.
Different individuals and different climatic environments have different reactions. The point is that everyone adapts differently. In the past, there was no response to the mountains when you went up to 6 kilometers, which does not mean that you did not respond to the 4 kilometers this time.
The main symptoms are: dizziness, tinnitus, vomiting, poor taste, not wanting to eat, drowsiness, slight fever. In severe cases, unresponsiveness, rapid breathing, emotional disturbance, mental hyperactivity, memory loss, and hallucinations may occur.
Prevention:
(1), control the daily rising height, try to control the daily rising height about 700 meters.
(2), the itinerary is reasonable, do not over-fatigue. (Many mountain friends responded that it is very important to control the problem of weight bearing.)
(3) Drink plenty of water and have a balanced diet.
(4), do not go to bed early, do not use your brain, do light activities, and actively adapt.
(5), get enough sleep, and try not to take medicine unless it is very necessary.
Crisis management:
(1), supply oxygen, descend quickly, descend to a lower altitude as soon as possible, and leave the high altitude area.
(2) For patients with shock, priority should be given to treatment, and attention should be paid to complications such as hypothermia.
2. Leaving the team
In the wild, it is very dangerous to leave the team. In order to avoid this situation, discipline should be repeatedly emphasized before departure; a deputy leader should be arranged to postpone.
When an individual team member temporarily leaves the team due to physical decline or other reasons (such as going to the toilet in the middle of the road), they should immediately notify the previous team to rest in place before the stop, and arrange for a special person to accompany the individual team member leaving the team. In any case, more than two people must act, and it is strictly forbidden to act alone.
At the same time, be prepared in case of leaving the team: 1. All team members must be clear about the daily journey and the time to reach the destination, not blindly relying on the team leader follow.
2. Everyone must bring maps, compasses, water bottles, food, lamps, life-saving boxes and other necessary personal equipment, and there must be no situation where multiple people share certain equipment.
3. If you leave the team, if you are sure that you can continue to your destination, you should continue to move forward until you meet your teammates (not recommended); if you have limited physical strength or panic, you should stay in the original Then try to find a way to return to the route the group traveled or the last campsite to find a shelter and wait for teammates to rescue.
4. The team leader should pay attention to counting the number of people at any time. Once someone leaves the team and has not returned, they should immediately arrange the entire team or wait in place or send someone to search.
3. Lost direction
In an inaccessible wild environment. Especially in the woods where the bushes grow or where there are big rocks, it is easy to get lost unknowingly because the footprints cannot be clearly seen. It is also sometimes possible to get lost in the rain, fog or evening due to poor visibility.
When you get lost, don’t panic and walk around, this will only make you more lost. First, you must be quiet. rest for a bit. Then, try to get back to the places you are confident you will find. Be marked along the way. And record the location of these marks in the book.
To avoid getting lost again, after returning to the location where you are confident, choose the direction first and try again. Make marks along the way and pay attention to the surrounding terrain, landforms or natural objects until you find the right direction and issue a distress signal at the appropriate time.
How to find the right direction after getting lost, you need to read this article:
90% of backpackers die of getting lost outdoors, outdoor people’s “death killer!” ”
4. When you do not arrive at the camp as agreed
for field activities, if it is later than the scheduled time and the sky is dark before arriving at the destination, you should take The following measures:
Processing:
(1) If the distance is obvious, the current position is also certain, and it is not far from the destination, you can turn on the lights and continue to move forward.
(2) However, if other unfavorable circumstances occur, such as rain and the temperature drops, or getting lost and unable to return to the original place, or someone in the team is unwell. Or if it is dangerous to act in the dark, you should decide to stay overnight in the local area as a precaution.
At this point, if you have a tent and find a place to set up camp, you can set up camp overnight in the usual way. But if you don’t have a tent or the terrain is on a slope, and you can’t set up camp, try to wear as much clothes as possible and keep warm. If you bring food and a stove, you can prepare meals.
(3) In order to prevent emergencies, it is necessary to develop the habit of bringing sufficient water and emergency food.
5. Encountering poisonous snakes
When encountering poisonous snakes in the wild. It often happens when you: step on a snake accidentally; grab a branch and touch a snake; find a snake while packing your backpack in the morning; and so on.
This is basically caused by pedestrians breaking into snake territory. In these accidental contacts, it can cause great panic, and it is very dangerous to be bitten by the snake’s instinctive self-defense.
The measure to prevent snake bites is to prepare a walking stick and scare the snakes while walking, because snakes rarely attack humans actively, and they will leave wisely when they are frightened. If a poisonous snake is found, it is best to avoid it. Beyond that, it’s the best way to avoid bites.
In addition, when doing field activities, especially in places where snakes are often infested. Just wear a hat, a long-sleeved jacket
, trousers with sturdy foot protectors, and sturdy boots. And bring snake medicine.
When you need to catch or kill venomous snakes. Try to hit or control the head of the poisonous snake with stones or “ya”-shaped branches, try not to touch the snake with your hands, and put the snake in a cloth bag. Because the fangs of poisonous snakes are bent inward, it is not easy to hurt people in the cloth bag (note: catching snakes is very dangerous, don’t try it lightly)
6. Mosquito bites, leeches harass
will There are two types of mosquitoes that bite people. One is blood-sucking insects such as mosquitoes, horseflies, and gnats. After biting, they are not only painful, but also transmit serious diseases such as malaria and encephalitis. The preventive method is to use mosquito repellent sprays or mosquito coils, but this will pollute the environment.
A relatively environmentally friendly method is to smoke or use natural pest control plants such as night lily and medicinal chrysanthemum. In places with many mosquitoes and horseflies, at least thoroughly wash the whole body with soap every day, and carry anti-mosquito medicines such as wind repellent oil or wind oil essence.
The other is bees, wasps, hornets, etc. After being stung by a bee, wasp, or wasp, you will feel pain at first, then the wound will swell and become inflamed. Bee stings often leave stinging sacs in the wound. The rest should be scraped out with a razor blade, and the wound should be washed with soap and water. People who are prone to anaphylactic shock should carry medicines and tell others how to use these medicines for themselves in an emergency after a bite.
7. Encountering beasts
Except for hungry carnivores or injured beasts, ordinary animals rarely attack humans. As long as we don’t violate them, they won’t attack.
However, it can be quite dangerous when we meet them or the food we carry attracts them.
Speaking loudly and blowing a whistle during the journey will startle some wild animals, and they will leave wisely. Don’t be overly alarmed and watch it slowly back away from them with a smile, sometimes the beast will walk away on its own.
When encountering wolves and wild dogs, don’t turn around and run away, but squat down to pick up rocks and sticks. And back against a stone wall or a big tree to prevent them from attacking from behind, and wait for an opportunity to climb to the tree for shelter.
8. Swamp
The swamp terrain is mainly formed by siltation. The combined water line formed by the two slopes of the ridge follows the trend, and the collected rainwater flows after a relatively long distance. When entering the reservoir, the soil and fine sand washed down with the rain, and the rainwater flows into the reservoir when it enters the reservoir, but the silted mud remains, forming a quagmire??a swamp.
When crossing the river in the gully beside the reservoir or the riverbed, you must carefully observe the terrain and choose a suitable solid section to cross the river. . Before crossing the river, prepare ropes and operate according to the collective river crossing tactics in the wild.
Prevention:
(1) When the group travels, in case of encountering swamps and wetlands, pay attention to observation, assess the risk, and do not take the risk.
(2) When passing, every 5 people are connected with ropes in knots, keeping a distance of 2~3 meters between people and traveling longitudinally. If a team member unfortunately falls into the swamp, they can get timely help from their teammates.
Crisis management:
(1), if you fall into a swamp from time to time, don??t move around, struggling hard will only sink more and more deep.
(2), you can loosen the backpack strap, put the backpack strap behind you, lie on your back on the backpack and pull out one leg and then another. Or put the backpack on your chest, lie on your back on the backpack, and “swim” out of the swamp.
9. High-altitude rockfalls
If you encounter a serious rockfall, you must take advantage of the interval when the rockfall is stopped, and quickly escape from the scene. You should look for a big rock or turning corner that can avoid the rockfall in advance. , in order to pass. To protect the head, it is more appropriate to wear some protective equipment (such as helmets, thick clothing, wooden boards, iron pots, etc.).
You should try to avoid man-made rockfalls. If you accidentally knock down a rock in a rocky place, you should shout “Pay attention to rockfall” and notify the following people to avoid major accidents.
The team should maintain a safe and appropriate distance when they encounter a sloped section that may cause rockfall.
10. Heavy rain
In the event of heavy rain, the team leader should make a quick decision according to the road section, the size of the rain and the physical condition of the team members to continue traveling or take shelter from the rain.
(1) When you continue to drive, you should pay more attention to identifying the direction due to the heavy rain affecting the visibility. Rain and wet roads are slippery, use safety ropes if necessary to ensure safety.
(2) When sheltering from rain, you should pay attention to keep warm, prevent lightning strikes, and prevent flash floods.
(3) In the event of heavy rain during camping: A decide whether to make a decision to transfer the camp according to the surrounding terrain and the size of the rain, and move the tent to a safe place; B Reinforce and dig drainage ditches; C organize the excess items in the tent, put them in the backpack, and be ready to evacuate at any time; D must go out on duty in shifts, and immediately evacuate the tent once dangers such as flash floods and mudslides are found.
11. Lightning strikes
When the alpine quilt is shrouded in thunderclouds, lightning will also strike from the side. Therefore, special attention should be paid; the ridge is very dangerous, and it is safer to hide in the flat area below the ridge. Do not crowd together, try to take a low posture, and remove all metals and put them in your backpack.
During thunderstorms, it is also a good idea to cross the coastline and hide in places with many small rocks. If there is a big rock, you can hide within the same height as the big rock, but remember not to stick to the big rock;
If it is in the forest, you can also hide at the same distance as the height of the forest. However, it is not possible to be directly under the big tree, cut it! Note that a little water is easy to transmit electricity, so it is very dangerous to stand in the water. It is strictly forbidden to stand in the water. It is safer to stand on a pad or step on a backpack.
Prevention:
(1), if the weather forecast has thunderstorms.
(2), do not move in narrow valleys or valleys.
(3), do not go to high and open areas for activities.
(4), pay attention to observe whether the cumulus rain increases and strengthens.
Crisis management: (1) First aid in time, there is still a chance to survive and cannot be given up.
(2), the patient lies supine, undressed, and unfastened.
(3), artificial respiration, cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
(4), with fingers or needles, acupuncture at Renzhong Point, Shixuan (ten fingertips), Yongquan, and Mingmen.
12. Floods
Continuous rainfall can easily lead to floods. It turned out that the clear water suddenly became turbid, which is the harbinger of the flash flood. At this time, the top of the tall tree should be selected as the shelter first, and it should be moved to a higher place in time.
In the unfortunate event of falling into the water, you should try to grab your own backpack (the backpack can act as a lifebuoy), or grab a big tree that comes with the flash flood. Never underestimate the power and speed of flash floods. The flowing water of the creek is often due to the heavy rain upstream, and the rainwater will gather and flow down, and it will evolve into a huge flash flood within a few minutes.
Prevention:
(1) Do not hike along the stream unless it is a prepared river tracing activity.
(2), do not set foot in streams during the summer rainy season, or after heavy rain.
(3) Don’t stay in the river to rest when it rains, especially in the downstream.
(4) When it starts to rain, you should leave the river quickly and go to the highlands on both banks.
(5) Don’t try to cross the bridge that has been covered by the river, and leave the river quickly.
Crisis handling:
(1) The weather becomes bad during activities in canyons and valleys. When it rains, pay close attention to the amount of rainfall. Changes,
(2), when it is found that the water is turbulent, turbid and mixed with sand and mud to rot trees, it is a precursor to flash floods, and should be quickly away from rivers and valleys.
(3) If you unfortunately fall into the swift river water, you should hold or hold on to the rocks, tree trunks or vines on the bank, and try to climb back to the bank or wait for your partner to rescue.
13. Forest fires
In addition to fires caused by lightning and dry climates, human negligence is the biggest hidden danger of wildfires. Attention should be paid to the safety of wildfires, strict regulations on wildfires, and no littering of cigarette butts and fire.
When having a picnic, prepare a bucket of water or sand beside the campfire, ready for use. When withdrawing the camp, the campfire must be completely extinguished before leaving.
In the event of a mountain fire, try to put out the fire in the early stage of burning; when the fire is out of control, try to escape to a safe area such as down the mountain or riverside against the wind to avoid being trapped by the fire. If surrounded by fire. You can protect yourself by cutting down or setting fire on your own initiative, and using the surrounding woods and shrubs to form an open area after the fire.
14. Collapse
Avalanches are widely found on hillsides, river and lake banks, and coasts, usually on steep slopes above 50 meters or on rivers, lakes, and coasts, with a slope of 30- 60 degrees. Followed by karst fractures developed, the structure is broken. Mainly occurs in heavy rain, snow melting season.
Especially when the rock plane and fracture plane are in the same direction as the hillside, collapse is more likely to occur. During torrential rain or after days of torrential rain, natural or artificial slopes seep through a large amount of rain, which can easily lead to landslides and mountain collapses.
Prevention:
(1), avoid approaching or staying near steep hillsides during heavy rain or after several days of heavy rain.
(2) When a large amount of mud water seeps out from the bottom of the slope or in the hydrophobic holes, it indicates that the water in the slope is saturated, and there are cracks or newly formed steps in the middle or top of the slope, revealing fresh Dirt is a precursor to landslide collapse, and these slopes should be avoided as soon as possible.
(3) If the road is blocked by landslides and collapses, do not try to step on the floating mud to move forward. You should retreat immediately and find another safe path to continue the journey or stop the journey.
Crisis handling:
(1), teammates are covered by landslides, do not try to rescue by yourself, to avoid more casualties
(2) Immediately notify relevant departments to prepare appropriate tools for rescue.
15. Debris flow
The time period when debris flow occurs is usually the thunderstorm season in July and August of each year. How to determine the occurrence of debris flow? The normal running water suddenly stops or the flood suddenly increases, and there is more firewood and trees mixed in.
There is a sound like the roar of a train or muffled thunder in the deep valley. Even if it is extremely low, it should be judged that a mudslide has formed and you should leave quickly. The depths of the river valley are suddenly dark, and there are landslides. You must leave quickly, it is not a flash flood or a mudslide.
Prevention:
(1), do not enter the valley on heavy rainy days or continuous rainy days, and it still rains on the same day, beware of flash floods, Landslides, mudslides.
(2) Debris flow often lags behind heavy rain.
(3), do not take chances.
Crisis management:
(1), can not run up or down along the ditch, but should run to the hillsides on both sides, quickly leave the river, river valley , Valley area.
(2), do not stay on the slopes where the soil is soft and the main soil is unstable.
(3), you should avoid the place where the base is stable and relatively stable.
(4), do not climb trees to avoid
16, hypothermia
The core body temperature of the human body is 36.5-37 degrees, and the surface of the hands and feet is 35 degrees. The causes of hypothermia are generally cold and wet clothes, air-cooled body surface, hunger, fatigue, old age and frailty.
Symptoms of hypothermia include: feeling cold, cold extremities, persistent tremors, pale face, memory loss, slurred speech, uncontrollable muscles, unresponsiveness, altered temperament or loss of reason, slowed pulse, loss of consciousness.
Crisis management:
[It is recommended to remember two words to avoid hypothermia——“work hard”, hot——take off! It’s cold——plus! Wet ——change! ]
(1), maintain physical strength, stop activities or set up camp urgently, and eat high-calorie food.
(2), get out of the harsh environment of low temperature, take off cold and wet clothes in time, and replace warm and warm clothes.
(3), prevent continued hypothermia, help regain body temperature, and eat hot sugar water.
(4) Keep awake, give digested hot food, lie down and throw a thermos into the sleeping bag or conduct body temperature of the rescuer.
(5) Those who are confused and in serious condition should be soaked in 40 degree warm water.
(6), do not drink alcohol, do not massage limbs
How to correctly judge and deal with hypothermia, you should do this:
10 Can you freeze people to death? ! It is the outdoor “ultimate killer”!
