Whether it’s in a forest sheltered by trees or on a hillside covered with grasses, if you look down, you can’t find a path at all. The branches are slightly inclined, the grass leaves are slightly tilted, and the back of the leaves is slightly turned. Then, after comparing from far to near, from near to far, and from near to far, we can distinguish “no small things in the wild”. Any small problem occurs. It may cause a major accident. Especially when encountering a sudden patient or injured person in the wild, corresponding first aid measures should be taken according to different situations (the quicker the treatment, the better the effect), and then find a way to send it to the doctor as soon as possible.
The purpose of first aid is: to save lives and reduce mortality;
1. Principles of first aid
When encountering an accident, one should be calm and bold, be careful and responsible, distinguish the priorities and implement first aid methods decisively; Patients, in the same patient, first save the life, and then deal with the local; observe the scene environment to ensure the safety of themselves and the injured; make full use of the manpower and material resources at the scene to assist in first aid.
2. Observation before treatment
Before specific treatment, it is necessary to observe the whole body of the patient and grasp the surrounding conditions. Determine the cause of the injury, the location of the pain, how severe it is, or put your ear close to hear the sound of breathing. In particular, pay attention to the color of the face, mouth, and skin, or confirm whether there is any trauma, bleeding, state of consciousness, and breathing, and carefully observe for fractures, trauma, and vomiting.
Subsequently, it is necessary to choose a specific treatment method. Especially in the case of respiratory arrest, coma, massive bleeding, and poisoning, the discoverer should take emergency treatment quickly, regardless of whether they are conscious or not, otherwise the patient’s life will be endangered. During the observation of changes in symptoms, emergency treatment should be given according to the first aid method if the symptoms worsen.
The rescue work for the injured and the sick should be organized as much as possible at the scene, and the ambulance personnel should have division of labor and cooperation.
3. Treatment after observation
There are many kinds of trauma or sudden illnesses that occur during activities, so it is also necessary to apply various appropriate first aid methods to deal with them. As for the specific treatment method of related symptoms, it will be described in detail later.
Move your body in a way that is most comfortable for the patient during first aid. If the patient is in a coma, attention should be paid to ensure that the airway is unobstructed, and beware of suffocation caused by vomitus. To ensure unobstructed breathing, place the patient on their back. If you hit your head, you should also lie down horizontally. If your face is blue, you need to raise your feet. If your face is red, you need to raise your head slightly. If you feel vomiting, you need to lie on your side or prone.
4. After the treatment is completed
Before the emergency treatment is completed, the patient should be kept warm to prevent him from consuming physical strength and worsening the symptoms. Then contact the doctor, ambulance, and the patient’s family.
In principle, patients should be transported quietly after adequate treatment. The method of transportation depends on the injury and surrounding conditions. During the transfer, the patient is very tired, and should rest moderately and regularly, and pay attention to the patient’s condition at all times.
The on-site rescue time is urgent. For the treatment of critically ill patients, firstly, the principles of first aid should be followed, and secondly, the key points should be grasped and the patients should be quickly checked according to the following steps.
5. Judgmental awareness
Tap the patient’s shoulder (or face), and call out loudly in his ear: “Hey, what’s the matter with you!” to test his reaction, Babies slap their heels or pinch their Hegu points. If they can cry, they are conscious.
6. Loud call for help
The patient did not respond to the tap and call, indicating that he was unconscious, and immediately shouted for help on the spot: “Come on someone! Help!”
7. Emergency position
The patient’s position should be “supine on a hard surface”. If the patient is prone or on his side, he should be turned to his back if possible and placed on a hard surface, such as a plank bed, floor, or back with a plank, so that the compression of the heart can be effective. Do not place the patient supine on a soft object, such as a sofa or a spring bed, so as not to directly affect the effect of extra-thoracic cardiac compression. Take care to protect your head and neck.
How to turn over: the rescuer first kneels on the shoulder and neck of the patient, straightens the two upper limbs toward the head, and then puts the calf distal to the rescuer on the proximal calf Then, use one hand to support the patient’s back head and neck, and the other hand to support the patient’s distal armpit, so that the head, neck, shoulders, and torso are turned into a supine position at the same time, and finally , return its arms to the sides of the body.
8. Open the airway
The rescuer will untie the patient’s collar button, tie, scarf, etc., and at the same time quickly remove the sludge, clods, sputum, Remove vomit, etc. to facilitate airway flow.
The respiratory tract is the only way for gas to enter and exit the lungs. In patients with loss of consciousness, the tongue muscles are relaxed, the base of the tongue falls back, the epiglottis falls, and the head tilts forward, resulting in obstruction of the throat airway. Lifting the head and raising the chin can raise the mandible, move the throat wall backwards and widen the airway, so that the airway is opened and the breathing can be smooth. The rescuer puts one hand on the patient’s forehead and presses it down to make the head tilt back, and the index and middle fingers of the other hand are placed under the mandible near the chin, and the chin is lifted forward to help the head tilt back. The correct position of the head is that the line between the mandible angle and the earlobe is perpendicular to the ground. The baby’s head can be slightly tilted back.
Be careful not to take too much time to remove foreign bodies in the oral cavity. The entire process of opening the airway should be completed within 3-5 seconds, and the airway should be kept open throughout the whole process of CPR.
9. Look, listen, and feel breathing
After the patient’s airway is unblocked, the rescuer uses the method of seeing, listening, and feeling for 3-5 seconds to check whether the patient is breathing spontaneously . Inspection method: The rescuer puts his head and ears close to the patient’s nose and mouth to see if the patient’s chest (or upper abdomen) rises and falls; secondly, listen to the patient’s mouth and nose for breathing air; thirdly, feel whether there is a sense of air flow on the cheek.
10. Artificial respiration
If the patient is not breathing spontaneously, the rescuer should immediately perform artificial respiration on the patient??mouth-to-mouth (nose) blowing twice. Each blow time is 1-1.5 seconds. Each blow should be 800 ml.
11. Check the pulse to judge the heartbeat
The rescuer should touch the carotid artery or brachial artery and observe whether there is a pulse for 5-10 seconds to determine whether the patient has a heartbeat. When checking, it should be touched gently, and no pressure should be exerted. For accurate judgment, both carotid arteries can be touched successively, but simultaneous touch on both sides is prohibited to prevent the blood supply to the brain from being blocked.
If there is no pulse, extra-thoracic cardiac compressions can be performed with 15 compressions at a rate of 60-80 compressions per minute.
The ratio of squeezing air and blowing air is 15:2 and repeated. Do it four times in a row or after 1 minute, and then judge, check the pulse, the recovery of breathing and whether there is any change in the pupil.
12. Emergency hemostasis
The rescuer should also check whether there is a severe bleeding wound in the patient with severe trauma. If there is, emergency hemostasis measures should be taken. Avoid death due to shock caused by massive hemorrhage.
13. Protect the spine
Severe trauma caused by accidental injury and emergencies should be paid attention to during on-site treatment, and should be moved and transported under medical supervision. Avoid spinal cord injury or further aggravation of the injured spine, resulting in paraplegia or even death.