A machine tool refers to a machine that makes a machine, also known as a work machine or a machine tool, and is customarily referred to as a machine tool. Generally divided into metal cutting machine tools, forging machine tools and woodworking machine tools. There are many ways to process mechanical parts in modern machinery manufacturing. For parts with high precision requirements and finer surface roughness requirements, they generally need to be processed by cutting on the machine tool. Machine tools play an important role in the modernization of the national economy. So in this issue, I will explain the relevant knowledge of machine tools in detail for you.
1 Introduction to machine tools
A machine tool is a machine that processes metal blanks into machine parts. “Tool machine”, commonly referred to as machine tool. There are many ways to process mechanical parts in modern machinery manufacturing: in addition to cutting, there are casting, forging, welding, stamping, extrusion, etc., but for parts with high precision and fine surface roughness requirements, generally need to be in The final machining is performed by cutting on the machine tool. In general machine manufacturing, the processing workload of machine tools accounts for 40%-60% of the total machine manufacturing workload, and machine tools play an important role in the modernization of the national economy.
2 Development History of Machine Tools
The prototype of machine tools in the 15th century, due to the needs of manufacturing clocks and weapons, there appeared thread lathes and gear processing machines for watchmakers, as well as water-driven barrel boring machines. Around 1501, Leonardo da Vinci, an Italian, drew conceptual sketches of lathes, boring machines, threading machines and internal grinding machines, including new mechanisms such as cranks, flywheels, tips and bearings. The “Tian Gong Kai Wu” published in the Ming Dynasty in China also contains the structure of a grinding machine, which uses a foot pedal to rotate an iron plate, and adds sand and water to cut jade.
The Industrial Revolution led to the creation and improvement of various machine tools. The industrial revolution of the eighteenth century promoted the development of machine tools. In 1774, the British Wilkinson (full name John Wilkinson) invented a more precise barrel boring machine. The following year, he used this barrel boring machine to bore out the cylinders that met the requirements of Watt’s steam engine. In order to bore larger cylinders, he built a water-wheel-driven cylinder boring machine in 1775, which promoted the development of the steam engine. Since then, the machine tool has been driven by a steam engine through the crankshaft.
3 Common types of machine tools
(1) Ordinary machine tools
1. Lathes
Lathes mainly use turning tools to turn rotating workpieces machine tool. On the lathe, drills, reamers, reamers, taps, dies and knurling tools can also be used for corresponding processing. Lathes are mainly used for machining shafts, discs, sleeves and other workpieces with revolving surfaces, and are the most widely used type of machine tools in machinery manufacturing and repair factories.
2. Boring machines
They are experts at making machines, but they can make all kinds of hand tools, such as knives, saws, needles, drills, cones, grinders As well as shafts, sets, gears, bed frames, etc., in fact, the machine is assembled from these parts…
4 Classification of machine tools
1. Ordinary machine tools: Including ordinary lathes, drilling machines, boring machines, milling machines, planing and slotting machines, etc.;
2. Precision machine tools: including grinding machines, gear machining machines, thread machining machines and other various precision machine tools;
3. High-precision machine tools: including coordinate boring machines, gear grinders, thread grinders, high-precision gear hobbing machines, high-precision engraving machines and other high-precision machine tools;
4. CNC machine tools: CNC machine tools are digitally controlled machine tools
5. According to the size of the workpiece and the weight of the machine, it can be divided into instrument machine tools, small and medium-sized machine tools, large-scale machine tools, heavy-duty machine tools and super-heavy-duty machine tools…
5 Machine tool accessories
Machine tool accessories, refer to all the components that can be easily replaced except the main body of the machine tool.
Machine tool accessories mainly include tool holders, operating parts, indexing heads, worktables, chucks, joints, chip removal devices, hoses, drag chains, protective covers, etc. Among them, the tool holder is divided into cutting tool, fixture, planer, CNC tool and supporting system, tool belt, broach, cutter, hob, gear tool, machine saw blade, CNC tool, chuck, punch, turning tool , reamers, boring cutters, gear shapers, shaving knives, machine blades, tool holders, milling cutters, thread cutters, drills, arbors, other tools, fixtures, taps; operating parts break up wheels, handles, handles, handles , door buttons, and other operating products.
6 Operating procedures of the machine tool
1. Read the shift record carefully to understand the operation status and existing problems of the machine tool in the previous shift.
2. Check the exposed rail surface, sliding surface, rotating surface and work surface of the machine tool. If there are tools, obstacles, impurities, oil stains, chips, etc., they must be cleaned, wiped clean and oiled.
3. Check whether there is any new pulling, grinding or bumping on the work surface, guide rail surface and main sliding surfaces of the machine tool. If it is necessary to notify, the team leader or equipment personnel should check and record together.
4. Check that the safety protection, braking (stop), limit and reversing devices should be complete and intact.
5. Check that the mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic operators, cutting doors and switches should be in non-working positions.
6. Check that the electrical distribution box should be closed firmly and the electrical grounding is good.
