Sunburn
Causes: Long-term exposure to high temperature and direct sunlight causes skin lesions.
Symptoms: The skin is reddened by the sun with pain or small bumps and blisters.
Processing:
Apply a cold towel to the affected area until the pain subsides.
2. Apply sunscreen oil to the skin without trauma.
3. When the blisters appear, don’t pick them, and use a cold towel to cool them.
Prevention:
1. Avoid strong sun exposure as much as possible.
2. Lather on sunscreen half an hour before sun exposure.
Second. Heatstroke
Causes: The human body is exposed to high temperature and direct sunlight, which makes the body temperature regulation function abnormal and causes difficulty in perspiration. The outside temperature is too high for the body to emit, and the body temperature rises sharply. If exposed to high temperature for a long time, it can cause hyperemia of meninges and affect the central nervous system and lose its thermoregulatory function.
Symptoms: Feeling sultry and uncomfortable, elevated body temperature (often over 40 degrees). Flushing but dry without sweating, followed by confusion, dizziness and weakness, nausea and vomiting, low blood pressure, fast and weak pulse, and finally to coma.
Processing:
1. Quickly move to a cool and ventilated place and lower your head.
2. Take off the load, loosen your clothes, and shower with cold water all over your body.
3. Supplement water containing sugar and salt (orally when conscious, and drip when not conscious)
4. Physiotherapy: Rub the zhong and temple with alcohol cotton.
5. Drug treatment: take Rendan, Huoxiangzhengqi water, a drop of water, etc.
Prevention:
1. Apply air essence, cooling oil, etc. to the temples.
2. Sufficient water should be added in time.
3. Wear heat-dissipating clothing.
Three. Leg cramps
Causes: lack of calcium, fatigue and other causes of muscle cell hypoxia and pain.
Treatment: Sit down with your feet straight, pinch your big toes back with your hands repeatedly, and massage your calf muscles.
Prevention:
1. Timely calcium supplementation.
2. Avoid catching a cold.
3. Take breaks.
Four. Nosebleeds
Causes:
1. Hemorrhage of nasal mucosa due to thermal stimulation
2. Nasal mucosal hemorrhage after head impact
Symptoms: bleeding or watery fluid from the nasal cavity (watery fluid should be taken seriously after impact)
Treatment:
1. Sit down immediately, head slightly lower, hold your nose with your hands, and breathe through your mouth for about 5 minutes.
2. If the bleeding still does not stop, you can insert a clean gauze into the nasal cavity and pinch the nose. If there is no gauze, you can also use a napkin or cotton ball instead.
3. Physiotherapy, use a cold towel and alcohol cotton to cool the root of the nose.
Prevention: pay attention to cooling off in the summer
Note:
1. Nosebleeds caused by trauma and then ear bleeding should be sent to hospital in time
2. Trauma may cause a watery fluid from the nose. This is cerebrospinal fluid. It is almost transparent, a watery liquid mixed with a small amount of bloodshot, and has no peculiar smell. It should be allowed to flow out and rushed to the hospital. Blocking the nasal cavity can lead to bacterial infection in the brain.
5. Blisters
Causes: Formed by exudation of bodily fluids caused by abrasion, heavy pressure, burns, frostbite, etc.
Processing:
1. Wash off with soap after foaming (not broken).
2. Sterilize needles such as pins by scalding and puncture the blisters.
3. Use a clean gauze to gently squeeze out the fluid in the bubble and dry it, and finally apply the wound care cream.
4. When the bubble has been worn, it should be sterilized before handling.
Six. Trauma (bruises, stab wounds)
Initial diagnosis: observe the wound area of bruises or the depth of stab wounds and the amount of bleeding.
Treatment:
Scratches:
1. When the wound area is not too large and there is no active bleeding, topical medicines can be applied or the wound around the wound can be rinsed with water.
2. When the wound area is large but there is no active bleeding, a clean gauze can be added to wrap it after cleaning.
3. When active bleeding occurs, first use the bleeding to bring the dirt out of the wound. Then cover the wound with clean gauze and put your hand on the gauze to stop the bleeding.
Stab wounds:
1. When the foreign body pierced into the body is small and shallow, the foreign body can be taken out first and then the wound can be squeezed hard to bring the blood and dirt in the wound out of the body. Then the treatment method is the same as scratching.
2. When the foreign body pierced into the body is large and deep, do not remove the foreign body easily and do not clean the wound without permission to avoid heavy bleeding. Treat by medical personnel as soon as possible after a simple dressing.
Note:
1. Keep the wound dry and ventilated to avoid infection. (Tetanus is an anaerobic bacteria, deeper wounds are more dangerous, and it is extremely important to keep the wound ventilated)
2. Please report as soon as possible to prevent tetanus in the event of large abrasions and stab wounds.
3. Disinfect the wound as soon as possible, 6 hours without disinfection, the possibility of infection is very high.
Seven. Fall injury
Initial diagnosis:
1. Judge whether the head and face->shoulders, back, waist, tail cone->extremities are injured.
2. If I am injured by minor activities, judge whether it is severe pain. If severe pain occurs, lie down and rest, and do not rush to move.
3. When inactive, judge whether there is pain. If the pain is still there, the injury should be immobilized as soon as possible to prevent the fracture from being dislocated.
Processing:
1. If you suspect a fracture, do not exercise and contact your healthcare provider as soon as possible.
2. If swelling and congestion occur, cold compresses can be used to relieve pain.
3. The rest of the trauma treatment methods are the same as above.
Eight. Sprains
Causes of sprains: Injuries caused by excessive joint movement beyond the normal range of motion, causing the surrounding fascia and muscles to be pulled by force.
Symptoms: joint swelling, severe pain, limited movement, subcutaneous congestion of joints, inability to move or scoliosis.
Processing:
1. Stop activities (at least reduce strain), especially ankle and knee sprains.
2. Pad the affected area with gauze, towel, etc., and use an ice pack for cold compresses.
3. It can be treated with drugs that relax tendons and activate blood, but do not perform massage and massage.
4. Elevate the affected area when resting.
Nine. Foreign body in the eye
Treatment:
1. Lift your eyelids with clean hands. If you see a foreign body sticking to the conjunctiva, you can use a cotton ball dipped in water to remove the foreign body.
2. If you can’t see the foreign body, you can further press the opened eyelid with a cotton swab, hold the eyelashes with your hand and pull up to find out whether there is a foreign body inside the eyelid.
3. The eyeball is slightly downward to easily detect foreign objects.
4. Although there is no foreign body found, there is always a feeling of foreign body presence, which may be pierced into the cornea. Can be protected with gauze and go to the hospital for treatment.
Note: The eyeball is a delicate organ, do not rub your eyes with dirty hands. If you have any questions, contact your medical staff as soon as possible.
10. Bites
Causes: Bites by toxin-laden animals. Because the bacteria or toxins contained in the animal’s mouth may cause infection and poisoning.
Symptoms: swelling, pain, even headache, nausea.
Processing:
1. If you are bitten by snakes or scorpions, you must first determine whether the wound is poisonous.
2. If you are bitten by mosquitoes, bees, etc., you can apply wind oil and so on. (Drugs cannot be mixed)
3. If you are bitten by a cat or dog, you must report it in time.
Note: It is strictly forbidden to invite cats and dogs, or approach dangerous animals. Watch out for mosquito bites.
Key points for handling accidents in field activities
Once an accident occurs, it is necessary to make a calm judgment and take measures to deal with it quickly. Emergency rescue should be organized immediately. Prepare medicines, splints, bandages, etc. before departure, and consider the method of emergency contact in advance.
Ten rules to ensure the safety of outdoor activities
1. Learn how to deal with emergencies.
2. Pay attention to the weather forecast.
3. Add clothes at the right time.
4. Avoid getting too tired.
5. Eat as regularly as possible and pay attention to dietary hygiene.
6. Get enough sleep
, pay attention to temperature, posture, etc.
7. Defecation is best done after breakfast.
8. Pay attention to personal hygiene. If you cannot take a bath, you should also wipe and change your clothes.
9. Maintain collective fraternity, exchange information and help each other.
10. Once an accident occurs, deal with it decisively, and do not complain about each other and delay the rescue opportunity.
Three points to grasp the physical condition
1. Before departure, everyone should introduce their health status, such as pulse, body temperature, etc., and set off after verification.
2. Pay attention to your face and expression. If your face is bad, your eyes are bloodshot, or you have too many hiccups, you should report it to the leader immediately.
3. Be aware of mental changes such as being too dull and too excited.
Six ways to avoid danger
1. Do not go out alone at night.
2. Stay away from cliffs, rivers, and craters.
3. Don’t play too long on unfamiliar hills. When the weather changes suddenly, you should find a safe place to hide.
4. When the body is not good, don’t push hard on the road, you should take a short rest.
5. When you get lost, you should judge calmly, and don’t panic and run around.
6. Be prepared for emergency contact, etc.
Measures of Danger
Pulse over 120 beats per minute; respiration over 20 beats per minute (adults); loss of more than one third of human blood.